Winter-swimming Scandinavian men can teach us how the body adapts to extreme heat and cold

The Scandinavian winter swimming culture combines brief dips in cold water with hot sauna sessions—and now, a study of young men who participate regularly in these polar plunges finds that winter swimming may allow the body to adapt to extreme temperatures.

The findings, published in the journal Cell Reports Medicine, suggest that routinely alternating swims or dips in chilly water with sauna sessions might affect how brown fat, also known as brown adipose tissue (BAT), burns energy and produces heat.

“Our data underscore that BAT in adult humans is part of the collective body temperature regulation system in collaboration with skeletal muscle and blood flow. Regular winter swimming combining cold dips with hot sauna might be a strategy to increase energy expenditure, which could result in weight loss if compensatory increase in food intake can be avoided,” says senior study author Camilla Scheele of the University of Copenhagen.

We expected winter swimmers to have more brown fat than the control subjects, but it turned out that they instead had better thermoregulation

Same amount of brown fat, difference in thermoregulation

In the Denmark-based study, Scheele and her collaborators examined whether the Scandinavian practice of winter swimming is associated with changes in body temperature, resulting in acclimation to both cold and hot challenges. They also looked for differences in brown fat tissue, given its role in producing heat in response to exposure to cold environments.

To explore these ideas, first author Susanna Søberg of the University of Copenhagen recruited eight young male winter swimmers who had alternated several swims or dips in cold water with hot sauna sessions every week for at least two years. For the purposes of this study, winter swimming was loosely defined as swimming or sitting in open water and wearing only swim trunks or nothing. By contrast, the eight control participants did not use any cold or heat therapies during the study and had no history of winter swimming.

“We expected winter swimmers to have more brown fat than the control subjects, but it turned out that they instead had better thermoregulation,” Søberg says.

In preliminary tests, the participants submerged one hand in cold water for three minutes. While both groups responded to the cold exposure, the swimmers displayed signs of cold tolerance, with a lower increase in pulse and blood pressure. They also had higher skin temperature, pointing to greater heat loss as a potential adaptation to frequent sauna exposure.

No activity at a comfortable temperature

In another preliminary test, the researchers used an adjustable system consisting of two water-perfused blankets to control and lower the participants’ body temperature. Here, the swimmers also showed a higher increase in skin temperature in response to cooling.

Using positron emission tomography, the researchers next measured activation of brown fat tissue in the participants as they were exposed to a comfortable temperature. Unlike the swimmers, the control subjects showed signs of activated brown fat tissue, as indicated by an uptake of glucose.

“The findings support the notion that brown fat tissue fine tunes body temperature to a comfortable state in young adults. It was, however, a surprising finding that the winter swimmers had no activity at all when exposed to comfortable temperatures,” Camilla Scheele says.

Upon cold exposure, the activity of brown fat tissue increased in both groups. But the swimmers showed much higher heat production, or energy expenditure, in response to cool temperatures.

“Winter swimmers burned more calories than control subjects during cooling, possibly in part due to higher heat production,” Scheele says.

Significant afternoon peak

The researchers also looked at thermoregulation for both groups over the course of a full day at a comfortable temperature. They found that swimmers reached a lower core body temperature—potentially a sign of heat acclimation due to regular sauna visits. Their skin temperature in areas close to BAT showed a distinct peak between 4:30 am and 5:30 am and revealed signs of a 24-hour rhythm in brown fat tissue activity and heat production, at least during rest at a comfortable temperature.

“The difference between groups is possibly explained by increased maturation and cold adaptation of BAT in the winter swimmer group,” Scheele says.

The study’s small sample size, the absence of female participants, and the inability to draw causal conclusions about the direct effect of winter swimming on temperature regulation or brown fat tissue are all potential limitations to the findings.

“We compared experienced winter swimmers with control subjects, which allows for the possibility that other lifestyle factors or genetic factors not measured in the current study also could impact the differences between the groups,” Søberg adds

This work was supported by TrygFonden, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the European Research Council, and Rigshospitalet. C.S. is a consultant for Novo Nordisk A/S on human brown adipose tissue biology. Z.G.-H. works for Embark Biotech ApS, a company developing therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Read the entire study “Altered brown fat thermoregulation and enhanced cold-induced thermogenesis in young healthy winter swimming men.”

Author Contact:

Camilla Scheele
cs@sund.ku.dk
+45 52 30 56 34

Media Contact:

Peter Stanners
peter.stanners@sund.ku.dk
Phone: +45 35 33 47 89
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